The Effects Of Drug And Alcohol On Nervous Tissue

During my time at Saint Anthony’s Medical Center I have had the pleasure of working with hundreds of different people all different sizes, shapes, ages, and ethnicities. Most of the time these people are normal competent individuals that make good decisions for the most part and they just had a small issue with their health that can be resolved. However, unfortunately there are people out there who have not made the best choices in life and have succumbed a drug or alcohol addiction. Many of these people are in their 20’s and 30’s and show very few signs of stopping, on the other hand there, are the ones who have survived their addiction longer than expected and continue their addictive vices until they reach their 50’s, 60’s, and even into their 70’s. These older addicts tend to mumble and have a hard time answering questions, some of them can barely form sentences when they are completely sober. There are many research articles that have th e general consensus that drug and alcohol cause nervous tissue to deteriorate. What I want to know is if drug/alcohol abusers in their 20’s and 30’s manage to recover from their addiction early and abstain from relapsing, will they suffer any accelerated cognitive deficits later on in life? According to the NIAAA (National institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism), the abuse of alcohol affects several areas of the body. Alcohol can cause deterioration of the myocardial cells in the heart, causing the heart to enlarge and droop, thisShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Alcohol On The Nervous System1280 Words   |  6 Pagescommonly called alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol is the principal type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. It’s focus on the effect of taking alcohol, especially on teenagers. When teenagers meeting with their friends or having party, maybe because of other people, maybe because of Inst ant Gratification or because of Misinformation, they may have some alcohol without adults in order to be more excited or ‘cool’. Having alcohol has negativeRead MoreEssay on The Dangerous Effects of Alcohol1597 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is a very serious and dangerous drug, although it is not treated this way anymore. College students have taken drinking to a new level in which, for many, is very scary. Alcohol is much more dangerous than many would think. Kids see a night of drinking as a great way to have fun and party but do not see the consequences. Getting drunk and even blacking out can lead to many problems. When alcohol is consumed in unhealthy amounts, it can lead to not only short-term effects, but long-termRead MoreAlcohol Consumption Of Ethanol Effects On Human Beings1608 Words   |  7 Pages Alcohol is one of the most consumed substances in the entire world. â€Å"In 2013, 86.8 percent of people ages 18 or older reported that they drank alcohol at some point in their life time† (NIAAA, n.d.). Alcohol is the result of fermented ethanol. Ethanol is a, â€Å"chemically and aromatic compound containing a hydroxyl group† (Foster Marriott, 2006). The raw consumption of ethanol can have devastating effects on human beings, which is why it has to go through the process of fermentation. The fermentationRead MoreTypes Of Drugs And Alcohol1218 Words   |  5 PagesTypes of drugs Alcohol This is one of the most common substance abused by adolescents, as a study consisting of 1000 high school students ranging from ages 12 to 18 had tried alcohol before the age of 15 (CASAColumbia). Alcohol is made using ethanol or ethyl alcohol from the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches. It is a depressant of the central nervous system and affects every organ in the body (Alcohol). Alcohol intoxication affects motor skills, brain function, and causes liver diseaseRead MoreEssay on Effects of Alcohol on Nutrition562 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of Alcohol on Nutrition There are many affects alcohol has on nutrition, in people of all ages. Each year more than 100,000 people die from alcohol related causes. According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug dependence more than 13 million Americans abuse alcohol. There are different types of alcohol dependency psychologically dependent and physically dependent. If you crave alcohol, or feel distresses without it you are said to be psychologically dependent, if your bodyRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On Collegiate Athletic Performance1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Alcoholism on Collegiate Athletic Performance According to research and statistics, alcohol is the number one drug used by college students. Most individuals do not label alcohol as a drug due to the way it is consumed, but when considering the negative side effects that accompany alcohol, the comparison of alcohol to drugs may not be that far of a stretch. Alcohol can not only be harmful to an individual’s external health but also their internal health as well. ConsumptionRead MoreEssay about alcohol abuse878 Words   |  4 Pages Alcoholism is an overwhelming desire to drink alcohol, even though it is causing harm. Alcohol is a drug. In the United States alcoholism is the most widespread form of drug abuse, effecting at least 5 million people. About one third of high school students in the US are thought to be influenced drinkers. Many already may be alcoholics. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A person who is dependent on alcohol is called an alcoholic. Drunk drivers account for one half of all fatal automobile accidentsRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 Pagesneurological movement disorder, which includes a state of impaired consciousness, memory, thinking, analysis, visual spatial recognition, emotional disorder, affect daily life and social conditions. The pathological findings showed atrophy of the brain tissue and the occurrence of senile plaques in the cerebral cortex, accompanied by beta amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles and a decreasing in the number of memory neurons, as well as the formation of senile plaques. There are currently no therapeuticRead MoreAlcohol and Drug Abuse1722 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Drug Addiction Samara Kitchens COM/156 Instructor: Sunday, May 19, 2013 There was a missing person report across the news today, my co-worker stated. I never paid any attention to it; I went on about my day as if everything was fine. When I arrived at home I had severalRead MorePathophysiology Of Alcoholism And Addictive Disorders935 Words   |  4 Pagesbegins after alcohol the ingestion of alcohol. It is absorbed and unaltered through the stomach and intestines. Next it is distributed throughout the body through the blood and absorbed by all tissues and fluids (Huether, 2012, p. 72). Furthermore, in the liver the alcohol blood content is metabolized into acetaldehyde by the enzymes process of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), and catalase (Huether McCance, 2012). Next, the metabolizing effects the central

Who is Responsible for the Death of Romeo and Juliet

In the play Romeo and Juliet there are lots of events that lead to the death of the two main characters. There are many people responsible for the death of Romeo and Juliet and some of these characters are Tybalt, Capulet and Friar Lawrence. In the play, Tybalt has a large influence on the death of Romeo and Juliet. He helps contribute to their deaths because he kills Mercutio and Romeo in turn kills Tybalt which causes Romeo to be banished from Verona. Then Juliet tells â€Å"Romeo is banished!† â€Å"There is not end no limit, measure, bound. In that word’s death: no words can that woe sound.† (Act III Scene II 128-130) If Romeo had taken the time to think before killing Tybalt he would not have killed him and therefore he would not be†¦show more content†¦Friar Lawrence plays a big part in causing the death of Romeo and Juliet because he secretly marries them knowing something either negative or positive will happen. Friar even tells Romeo the cautions for he says Wisely and slow. They stumble that run fast. (Act II Scene III 97) Friar marries them because he thinks that the marriage is going to end the feud between the families of Romeo and Juliet. He knows that even though Romeo and Jul iet are in love they will never be able to see each other. Not in a grave to lay one in, another out to have† (Act II scene III 85) Also, if Friar Lawrence did not give Juliet the potion that she was going to use to deceive her family into thinking she was dead to get out of her marriage to Paris and make Romeo aware of what was going to happen, their deaths would not have occurred. Romeo goes to the tomb thinking Juliet is really dead after Balthasar accidently informed him of Juliet’s apparent death not knowing of her plan. If he had stayed there longer without taking the poison he had obtained from Apothecary they both would not have killed themselves. He brought the poison to the tomb to end his own life next to Juliet after seeing for himself if she was really dead. Romeo did not want to live without Juliet. Capulet also played an important role in the death of Romeo and Juliet because he told Juliet that she was going to marry Paris and she had no choice. ByShow MoreRelatedWho is Responsible for the Death of Romeo and Juliet? 778 Words   |  3 Pagesthe tragic play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Romeo met Juliet from an enemy family in a party that he was not supposed to attend, and they quickly fell in love. Of course, this forbidden love brought unfortunate luck, and both Romeo and Juliet died at the end of the play. Who shall be held responsible for the death of Romeo and Juliet? This question has been bothering people, and yet to be answered. There are indeed many variables that have affected this, but I think Romeo himself is responsibleRead MoreWho Should Be Held Responsible for the Death of Romeo and Juliet?1032 Words   |  4 PagesRecently we have read the renown tragic play of Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare. As we all know, this tragedy ends by the untim ely death of Juliet and her Romeo. But after putting down the book, a question comes to mind: who is truly at fault for the death of those two teenagers? Who is truly responsible for turning this story into a tragedy? Or is anyone even guilty at all? After some reflection, I have come to the conclusion that nobody is really at fault, but that everybody did a littleRead MoreWho is Responsible for the Tragic Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesWho is Responsible for the Tragic Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in the 16th Century all about two strong hearted teenagers in the city of Verona in Italy who fall in love with each other as star crossed lovers. The two young teenagers of feuding families were destined to fall in love, however many problems occur to the extent of suicide, that affect their relationship, one of the main factors is the feud between Read More Who is Most Responsible for the Deaths in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet639 Words   |  3 PagesWho is Most Responsible for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Romantic love stories are often ended with a tragedy, because of loss of passion or a loved one. These tragedies are often the result of one person’s actions that ended someone’s life or love. In the Romeo and Juliet play written by William Shakespeare, two citizens of Verona come together and fall deeply in love. Unfortunately their love comes to an end, along with their lives, because of a misunderstanding and a persistent feud betweenRead MoreEssay about Who Is Responsible for Romeos Death742 Words   |  3 Pages25 January 2012 Who is Responsible for Romeo’s Death In the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare there is much debate about who is responsible for Romeo’s death. Romeo and Juliet is a play where two forbidden lovers get married in secret despite their families’ feud. After Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, kills Mercutio, Romeo’s best friend, Romeo kills Tybalt and is banished from Verona with the promise of death upon return. Lord Capulet plans to force Juliet to marry a man named Paris, butRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 Pagesplay, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy about two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, who unfortunately, belong to families who bear an ancient grudge against each other. In the play, Romeo and Juliet fall in love and quickly decide to marry each other. At the end, Romeo and Juliet’s decisions cause their untimely death, but in reality, there were other people who also contributed to the lover’s death. Friar Laurence, the Nurse and Lord Capulet are responsible for the tragic deaths of RomeoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1521 Words   |  7 Pagesgoes wrong, people will point fingers and blame the person responsible. In William Shakespeare’s story, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† two teenagers fall in love with each other, but due to some characters’ actions, Romeo and Juliet die. Their loss turns the love story into a tragedy. The Capulet’s house, Friar Laurence, and Romeo can be held responsible for the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. The first ones to be blamed for the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet are the people in the Capulet’s house because of the mistakesRead MoreThe Death of Romeo and Juliet and Who is to Blame Essay examples1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death of Romeo and Juliet and Who is to Blame Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, in which a young boy and girl fall in love and commit suicide. They come from 2 different families which have a deadly feud against one another. Romeo goes to a masked ball at the Capulets household where he falls in love with Juliet. He then proposes to her after the party in secret at Juliets balcony. Romeo then arranges a secret weeding with Friar Lawrence andRead MoreEssay about Responsiblity for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet1508 Words   |  7 PagesResponsiblity for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet The final tragedy in the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is the death of Romeo and Juliet. It’s a result of the feud of the two houses: Capulets and Montagues, but amongst other likely causes are the personalities of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo is ‘hot-headed’ and Juliet lacks experience in life because of her young age. Other characters who play a significant part in driving them to their deaths are: Tybalt, Mercutio, Friar LawrenceRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Persuasive Essay660 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet Persuasive Essay This play is about a boy named Romeo and girl named Juliet. Their family are mortal enemies so that means that they are always fighting with one another. At a Capulet party Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time not knowing who each other are, until later that night that they are enemies. They begin to fall in love with each other and get married after meeting for one night. Then the drama gets to their head and they kill themselves. In Romeo and Juliet

M.P Tourism free essay sample

Madhya Pradesh suffers from poor connectivity, no direct links to many tourist locations and a road network which is in need of urgent improvement. The state tourism suffers from the twin problem of low awareness and low publicity as a tourist destination and poor quality of ‘tourism product’. Poor connectivity and poor infrastructure further aggravate the situation. Although MP State Tourism Development Corporation (MPSTDC) has set up hotels and facilities at all the important (fourteen) tourist locations and the state has in place a forward looking tourism policy with Eco-adventure tourism as its USP, the growth of tourism has been slow. In the last decade the tourist arrivals have grown at a slow pace of 0. 65% p. a, with the domestic tourists growing at 0. 55% and foreign tourists growing at 7%. In 2000-2001, total tourist arrivals stand at around 11. 5 lac. The number of foreign tourists is small at around one lac. Obviously, this means low economic benefits from tourism, poor hotel occupancies, lack of interest and demoralization of the tourism related organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on M.P Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The report has outlined a strategy and has suggested a target for tourism department to double the tourist traffic to about 20 lac in the next decade and treble it to 33 lacs at the end of twenty year period. The marketing strategy concentrates on changing the image of the state to a tourist friendly state, with aggressive plans for their comfort and entertainment, appointment of a marketing and advertising agency, building strong relations with the travel and tour related trade, reorientation of the tourist information offices as marketing offices and a better use of its computerized reservation facilities. In terms of improving the tourism product, in the short term quick gains can be made by focusing the state’s limited finances on a few locations with high potential, which are already well connected and have a reasonable infrastructure in place. These places which comprise mainly of Khajuraho, Gwalior, Bhopal-Sanchi, and the Kanha-Pench wildlife parks can be improved by sprucing them up, improving the environs, and offering ‘value for money’ experience to the tourists, thus quickly improving their utilization. Other locations can be developed in the medium and long term. Domestic tourism should be stimulated by aggressive marketing in Calcutta and Gujarat. Convenience can be offered in terms of marketing package tours of high quality with all arrangements taken care of. LTC traffic of PSUs and Govt should be targeted. Places like Khajuraho and Gwalior are also well suited for marketing to corporates for their incentive tours to the trade and employees etc. Several suggestions have been made for increasing the duration of a tourists stay in M. P. by adding side excursions to the main locations such as developing Panna wildlife park and nearby water falls as side attractions to Khajuraho tourists. Or by adding Gwalior and Orchha as additional itinerary for tourist en route to Khajuraho. Better quality control, better packaging and better display of the state’s exqusite handicrafts and silks can increase spending of tourists. Exotic forests produce like ‘Safed Musali’, a Viagra like product, or oriental perfumes are other attractive items for tourists. The setting up of Bundelkhandi or Malwa restaurants for ethnic cuisine and evening entertainment can also increase tourist spend. The investment required for next twenty years is estimated at Rs 978 crores, of which 532 cr is by private sector for hotels etc. required mostly in the second decade and about 446 crores by government mainly for infrastructure, marketing and setting up of recreation and entertainment facilities. The economic benefit of tourism is very high with an incremental benefit estimated at Rs 9,500 crore over twenty years. The additional direct employment generation is estimated at 6 lac jobs.

Tax Structure of Bangladesh free essay sample

Direct tax is borne by the tax payer and can not be passed on to any person, whereas indirect tax is passed on by the tax payer so that the burden of the tax is ultimately borne by another, for example Value Added Tax(VAT) which, although paid by the businessmen, is passed on to the customers. That is, indirect tax is charged on consumption in one way or another. Indirect tax is regressive because it takes a higher portion of a poor person’s income than of a reach person’s. VAT is the same for all people. Indirect taxes do not develop any civil consciousness in the minds of tax payers because no body feels that he is paying a tax as it is concealed in price, whereas direct tax create a civic consciousness among the tax payer; they feel that they are contributing towards the state expenditure. In the case of direct taxes, the relation between the tax payer and the revenue authorities is direct personal. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Structure of Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But there is an indirect relation between the tax payer and tax authorities in the case of indirect taxes, for the taxes are collected unofficially through the agency of merchants. VAT and Excise duty at source while making payments of the service reindeer/clients that are liable to pay such taxes. All major changes in tax policy are effected through annual budget as contained in the Finance Bill which is discussed, debated and approved by the Parliament. Major Features of Customs Duty, VAT and Income Tax in Bangladesh: Customs Duty/Import Tax Main Features of VAT Income Tax

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations A compass is an instrument containing a freely suspended magnetic element that displays the direction of the horizontal component of Earths magnetic field at the point of observation. Its been used to help people navigate for many centuries. Located in the same part of the public imagination as sextants and telescopes, its actually been in use for a lot longer than the sea voyages that discovered North America. The use of magnetism in inventions doesnt stop there, though; its found in everything from telecommunications equipment and motors to the food chain. Discovery Large deposits of magnetic oxides were found in the district of Magnesia in Asia Minor thousands of years ago; their location led to the mineral receiving the  name of magnetite (Fe3O4), which was nicknamed lodestone. In 1600,  William Gilbert published De Magnete, a paper on magnetism that details the use and properties of magnetite. Ferrites, or magnetic oxides, are stones that attract iron and other metals. These are natural magnets and are not inventions. However, the machines that we make with magnets are inventions. Magnetic Compass The magnetic compass is actually  an old Chinese invention, probably first made in China during the Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.). Back then, the Chinese used lodestones (which align themselves in a north-south direction) to construct fortune-telling boards. Eventually, someone noticed that the lodestones were better at pointing out real directions, which led to the creation of the first compasses. The earliest compasses were designed on a square slab that had markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a spoon-shaped lodestone device with a handle that would always point south. Later on, magnetized needles were used as direction pointers instead of the spoon-shaped lodestones. These appeared in the eighth century A.D.- again in China- and between 850 and 1050. Compasses as Navigational Aids In the 11th century, compasses use as navigational devices on ships seemed to have become common. The magnetized-needle compasses used in navigation could be wet (in water), dry (on a pointed shaft), or suspended (on silk thread) and were used by voyagers, such as those traders who traveled to the Middle East, and were used by early navigators to locate the magnetic North Pole or pole star. Electromagnetism In 1819,  Hans Christian Oersted  reported that when an  electric current  in a wire was applied to a magnetic  compass  needle, the magnet was affected. This is called  electromagnetism. In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783–1850) displayed the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single-cell battery was sent. This device laid the foundation for large-scale  electronic communications, as it led to the invention of the telegraph. It also resulted in the invention of the electric motor.   Cow Magnets U.S. patent #3,005,458 is the  first patent  issued for a cow magnet. It was issued to Louis Paul Longo, the inventor of the Magnetrol Magnet, for the prevention of hardware disease in cows. If cows happen to consume scrap pieces of metal, such as nails, when theyre feeding, the foreign objects can cause internal damage to their digestive tract. Cow magnets keep the metal pieces confined to the cows first stomach, rather than traveling to the later stomachs or intestines, where the fragments can cause the most damage.

50+ Book Marketing Ideas to CRUSH Your Book Launch

50+ Book Marketing Ideas to CRUSH Your Book Launch 50 Book Marketing Ideas Every Author Needs to Know No matter what kind of book you’re writing, all self-publishing authors will eventually reach the same question: what’s the best way to market  it? The great news is that you’re not the first indie author to face this challenge. By following in the footsteps of those who have succeeded before you, you can create a focused and effective plan that will get people snatching up your masterpiece.In this post, we offer up dozens of book marketing ideas that you can steal for your own promotional efforts. Not only that, it features a free book marketing checklist that you can print out and treasure forever! Read now: 50 Marketing Tips Every Author Needs to Know Without further ado, here is your list of book marketing ideas:Identifying your audience You’ve probably heard a variation of this before: If you’re selling to everyone, then you’re really selling to no-one. You need to nail down your target reader before you start marketing your book (or even better, before you start writing it).1. Build a proto-persona If you have any other ideas for book marketing, drop them in the comments below and we'll add them to the list!

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Managment - Essay Example I let them quarrel and sort out their differences. While some people may be able to put behind their personal differences and give their best output but others may not be able to do so. I need to make better decision than to leave them to their means. If as a manager I am able to ensure that their differences are ironed out, they will be able to work better. (Gerald Matthews, 2004) A manager should be able to break the ice between his team members. The longer it would take for them to become familiar with each other; greater would be the hindrance to work. I can deduce from my results that I am not good in this regard and would certainly like to work on this aspect of my personality. I am usually hesitant to start conversations but as a manager the onus lies more on me than on anyone else. A manager should be fully aware of his strengths and weaknesses before he tries to understand his team’s. This is a point where I would be able to succeed easily. My assessment scores have not been much different from the scores that my friend gave me. This indicates that myself awareness level is high and will make it easy for me to work on my weaknesses. I can see from my assessment test that I feel nervous about choking at crucial situations. This is a problem that I need to solve. A manager who looks nervous in the face of an approaching deadline might not be able to motivate his team. However in this regard my friend’s perception is different. He feels that I give my best effort during a crunch situation. This indicates that I may have been able to hide my emotions of being nervous which certainly bodes well for managerial job. I however do remain calm most of the times even during a fight which I think is a good managerial quality. A successful manager usually does not takes decisions unilaterally. He should take inputs from all the concerned and then decide according to the best inputs he receive. This is already being done by me as I can deduce from

Consumer Behaviour Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consumer Behaviour - Coursework Example Each society their is some type of social class that is significant to the marketers since the buying behaviour of persons in a given social class is alike. In this way, marketing actions could be designed according to diverse social classes. Now we should note that the social class is not determined by income alone but there are several other reasons as well such as: assets, education, profession etc (BABIN & HARRIS 2011). Social factors also affect the consumer behaviour of customers. The significant social factors are situation groups, family, the role and the status. The members of a family adversely influence buyer behaviour. Consequently, marketers are working hard to find the roles and power of the husband, the wife and the children. If wife influences the buying decision of a particular product then the marketers will attempt to target women in their advertisement. Now we should note that purchasing roles change with vary in the consumer lifestyles (BEST HAWKINS & MOTHERSBAUG H 2007). Every person possesses unique roles and status in a society relying upon groups, family, clubs, and organization to which the person belongs. For instance, a woman is working in a certain organization as the finance manager. Here she is playing double roles, one as the finance manager and other role as a mother. Consequently, her purchasing decisions will be influenced by the role and the status (DEBRUICKER QUELCH & WARD 1986). (2) Personal Factors Personal factors also shape the consumer behaviour. The important personal aspects that influence the purchasing behaviour are the lifestyle of a person, economic condition, profession, age, character and self-concept. Age and the life cycle have noticeable impact on... The paper shows that when you are aware of how consumers behave in relation to the goods, you are selling, and then you have a good understanding of how to give good service to them, raising the probability that you will have repeat consumers. For instance, if you know that consumers tend to come to your hotel since they can get good food devoid of waiting for a very long time, you should carry on training your wait employees to be as resourceful as possible. Gather some customer behaviour data by just analyzing the sales data you already have. For instance, you can see whether the majority of your goods are brought with cash or credit card. If you happen to have a clock on the register, you know then when individuals tend to buy in your store. Nevertheless, you should not restrict yourself to that information. The most important information is from the depth answers from your customers about their expenditure. Focus groups, the surveys and the one-on-one interviews are better ways to get the information about customer behaviour. Encourage the consumers to contribute in these projects by offering rewards, like a contest entry or a discount, for the survey completion or the focus group contribution. This paper approves that consumer behaviour assists organizations decide what goods and services to produce or offer. Once they evaluate on what customers purchase and how they come up with they different ways of identifying what products to purchase and what to be left out, companies can more simply spot a necessitate that lacks in they product and supplement it with something either of the same quality or of a supplementary function.

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay Example for Free

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay According to Glanz and Hayes (1967) Group Counseling and group terapy are almost contradictory concepts to he individual not familiar with the detailed practices present and groups, counceling, and therapy. multiple counseling, group guidance, and the lmost interchangeble use of counseling and psychotherapy have added to the uncertainty of the dimensions and true nature of these new concepts. Adlerian in Group Counseling According to Corey (202) Adler was a politically and socially oriented psychiatrist who showed great concern for the common person. Indeed, many of his early clients were working-class people who struggled to make a living, raise and educate their children, and make a difference in society. Part of Adler’s mission was to bring psychological understanding to the general population and to translate psychological concepts into practical methods for helping a varied population meet the challenges of everyday life. Alfred Adler made signifi cant contributions to contemporary therapeutic practice. Adler believed in the social nature of human beings, and he was interested in working with clients in a group context. He established more than 30 child guidance clinics in which he pioneered live demonstrations by interviewing children, adults, teachers, and parents in front of community groups. He was the fi rst psychiatrist to use group methods in a systematic way in child guidance centers in the 1920s in Vienna. To fully appreciate the development of the practice of Adlerian psychology, one must recognize the contributions of Rudolf Dreikurs, who was largely responsible for extending and popularizing Adler’s work and transplanting Adler’s ideas to the United States. He did a great deal to translate Adlerian principles into the practice of group psychotherapy, and he used group psychotherapy in his private practice for more than 40 years (see Dreikurs, 1960, 1967, 1997). Dreikurs developed and refi ned Adler’s concepts into a clear-cut, teachable system with practical applications for family life, education, preventive mental health, and, especially, group psychotherapy (Terne r Pew, 1978). Dreikurs was a key fi gure in developing the Adlerian family education centers in the United States. Work with children and their parents in a group setting paved the way for Dreikurs’s pioneering group psychotherapy.It is believed that Dreikurs was the fi rst person to use group therapy in a private practice. Adlerian interventions have been widely applied to diverse client populations of all ages in many different settings. Adlerian group therapy is an integration of key concepts of Adlerian psychology with socially constructed, systemic, and brief approaches based on the holistic model developed by Dreikurs (Sonstegard Bitter, 2004). Objectives of Adlerian Group Therapy  ·Establishing and maintaining an emphatic relationship between clients and counselor that is based on mutual trust and respect and in which the client feels understood and accepted by the group.  ·Providing a therapeutic climate in which clients can come to understand their basics beliefs and feelings about themselves and discover why those beliefs are faulty.  ·helping clients develop insight into their mistaken goals and self-defeating behaviors through a process of confrontatio and interpretation.  ·assisting clients in discovering alternatives and encouraging them to make choices that is, put insights into action.  ·Group provides a mirror of persons behavior.  ·Group members both recieve and give help. Techniques THE FAMILY CONSTELLATION Adler considered the family of origin as having a central impact on an individual’s personality. Adler suggested that it was through the family constellation that each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life. Factors such as cultural and familial values, gender-role expectations, and the nature of interpersonal relationships are all infl uenced by a child’s observation of the interactional patterns within the family. Adlerian assessment relies heavily on an exploration of the client’s family constellation, including the client’s evaluation of conditions that prevailed in the family when the person was a young child (family atmosphere), birth order, parental relationship and family values, and extended family and culture. EARLY RECOLLECTIONS As you will recall, another assessment procedure used by Adlerians is to ask the client to provide his or her earliest memories, including the age of the person at the time of the remembered events and the feelings or reactions associated with the recollections. Early recollections are one-time occurrences pictured by the client in clear detail. Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories we might have we select those special memories that project the essential convictions and even the basic mistakes of our lives. Early recollections are a series of small mysteries that can be woven together and provide a tapestry that leads to an understanding of how we view ourselves, how we see the world, what our life goals are, what motivates us, what we value and believe in, and what we anticipate for our future (Clark, 2002; Mosak Di Pietro, 2006). BIRTH OEDER AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIP The Adlerian approach is unique in giving special attention to the relationships between siblings and the psychological birth position in one’s family. Adler identified five psychological positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Stages of the Alerian Group Therapy STAGE 1: ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAININGCOHESIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH MEMBERS In the initial stage the emphasis is on establishing a good therapeutic relationship based on cooperation, collaboration, egalitarianism, and mutual respect. By attending to the relationship from the first session, counselors are laying a foundation for cohesive ness and connection. Adlerians hold that the successful outcomes of the other group stages are based on establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic relationship at the initial stage of counseling (Watts Eckstein, 2009). Group participants are encouraged to be active in the process because they are responsible for their own participation in the group. The group situation provides sample opportunity to work on trust issues and to strengthen the relationship between member and leader. Also, by witnessing positive changes in peers, participants can see how well the group works. STAGE 2: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT (EXPLORING THE INDIVIDUAL’S DYNAMICS) The aim of the second stage is twofold: understanding one’s lifestyle and seeing how it is affecting one’s current functioning in all the tasks of life (Mosak Maniacci, 2011). During this assessment stage, emphasis is on the individual in his or her social and cultural context. Adlerians do not try to fi t clients into a preconceived model; rather, they allow salient cultural identity concepts to emerge and attend to a clients’ personal meaning of culture (Carlson Englar-Carlson, 2008). The leader may begin by exploring how the participants are functioning at work and in social situations and how they feel about themselves and their gender-role identities. STAGE 3: AWARENESS AND INSIGHT Whereas the classical analytic position is that personality cannot change unless there is insight, the Adlerian view is that insight is a special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the counseling relationship and acts as a foundation for change. Yet this awareness is not, in and of itself, enough to bring about signifi cant change. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself. According to Carlson and Englar-Carlson (2008), the Adlerian approach is both insight oriented and action oriented. Although insight into our problems can be useful, it is essential that this awareness leads to constructive movement toward desired goals. It is to be noted that people can make abrupt and signifi cant changes without much insight. STAGE 4: REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATION The end product of the group process is reorientation and reeducation. The reorientation stage consists of both the group leaders and the members working together to challenge erroneous beliefs about self, life, and others. The emphasis is on considering alternative beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes. During this stage, members put insight into action, making new choices that are more consistent with their desired goals (Carlson Englar-Carlson, 2008). There is a change in members’ attitudes toward their current life situation and the problems they need to solve. This reorientation is an educational experience. Adlerian groups are characterized by an attempt to reorient faulty living patterns and teach a better understanding of the principles that result in cooperative interaction (Sonstegard Bitter, 2004). One of the aims is teaching participants how to become more effective in dealing with the tasks of life. Another aim is challenging and encouraging clients to take risks an d make changes. References: Corey, G. (2012), Theories And Practice of Group Couneling Eight edition. United States, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Corey, G. (2009), Theories And Practice of Counseling and Psychoterapy. United States, 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole.z

Redemption in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Essays

Redemption in The Color Purple  Ã‚   Alice Walker grew up in rural Georgia in the mid 1900s as the daughter of two poor sharecroppers.   Throughout her life, she has been forced to face and overcome arduous lessons of life.   Once she managed to transfer the struggles of her life into a book, she instantaneously became a world-renowned author and Pulitzer Prize winner.   The Color Purple is a riveting novel about the struggle between redemption and revenge according to Dinitia Smith.   The novel takes place rural Georgia, starting in the early 1900s over a period of 30 years.   Albert, also known as Mr._____, and his son Harpo must prevail over their evil acts towards other people, especially women.   Albert and Harpo wrong many people throughout their lives.   To be redeemed, they must first learn to love others, then reflect upon their mistakes, and finally become courageous enough to take responsibility for their actions.   In The Color Purple, Alice Walker effectively develops Albert and Harpo throug h redemption using love, reflection, and responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the course of the novel, Albert is an appalling husband, father, and person.   He treats his wife, Celie as if she is his slave from the beginning of their arranged marriage; he expects her to cook three meals a day, and take care of his many children from his previous marriage.   Albert does not begin to realize the pain he is causing, or at least try to make himself change until Celie leaves him.   â€Å"You a lowdown dog is what’s wrong, I say.   It’s time to leave you and enter into the Creation.   And your dead body is just the welcome mat I need†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   (Walker 207).   It took words as powerful as these for him to become aware of the fact that he did not love or resp... ...).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Color Purple, Alice Walker efficiently develops Albert and Harpo through three key aspects of redemption:   love, responsibility, and reflection.   Albert and Harpo are both practically forced to recognize how they were treating people; Albert with Celie’s speech, and Harpo with the way Sofia beat him up.   Next, the two reflect on their errors in life.   How they both mistreated their wives, and suppressed them.   Then they gain the bravery to apologize to the people they realized that they really do love, and be forgiven (Walker 231).   Albert and Harpo learn a valuable lesson throughout the years; one they will surely never forget.   Alice Walker proficiently shows the development of two new people, through redemption using love, reflection, and responsibility.   Works Cited: Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. 1982. New York: Pocket, 1985.

Sky bus airlines

Sky coach Airlines and Ryan air hoses were the both low cost air hoses and besides both companies were the rivals to each others. Both companies had struggled much to vie each other. The scheme of the both of the companies was about same to offer the low menu to the clients but due to the different installations and services the out semen of the both companies was wholly different. Basically low cost scheme is considered as a good arm into the market to vie the rival. So we must cognize about the low monetary value scheme that what is it where does it of import till what extent it should utilize. We can better understand it with following. â€Å" A low scheme in which a company offers the low monetary value to carry through the demands of the economic system and besides to acquire the high market portion into the market any company can utilize this scheme where the merchandise has no advantage of competition If we see with the point of these air hoses so this consist ofA individual rider categorySame type of aircraftPoint-to -Point FlightsFlying to Secondary and Regional Airports due to less congestionFree services for catering and other complimentary services is been eliminatedWhile we make analysis of the recent scheme be aftering history we should cognize about the company ‘s debut foremostCritical analysis of Ryan Air and Sky coachIntroductionRyan Air was the first no frills air hose in whole Europe. This air hose was setup by the ryan household headed by TONY RYAN in 1985 with the lowest portion capital we cant believe that the in first when ryan air takes a start the portion capital of this air hose Washington merely & amp ; lb ; 1 at that clip there was merely 25 staff members it lanuch its first fligth in the which is 15 seater aircraft. After wards ryan air started there manner to success by set uping the first flight from Dublin to london luton in merely & amp ; lb ; 99 which the lowesr menu at that clip it was the half monetary value of the ticket comparing the other line. if we have a expression upon the twelvemonth 2006 the air hose reecord the half twelvemonth porfit of ˆ329m for the first half of financial twelvemonth 2007. The unit cost of the air hose addition by 7.5 per centum. The air hose was incresed by the 9 per centum as entire grosss which Is arise by 33 per centum to ˆ1.256bn. If we have a expression upon the twelvemonth 2006 the air hose reecord the half twelvemonth porfit of ˆ329m for the first half of financial twelvemonth 2007. Ryan air in 2008. Ryan Air has introduced 950 plus low menu paths across 26 states, linking 150 finishs. Ryan air is the World ‘s favorite air hose which operates a fleet of 210 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft with steadfast orders for a farther 102 new aircraft ( before taking history of planned disposals ) , which will be delivered over before the terminal of 2010. There are more than 7,000 people employed and Ryan air expects to transport about 66 million riders in the current financial twelvem onth In 2009 its recorded that Ryan air had carried 65 million riders to different finishs of the universe it increase the growing by transporting the 5 million riders and so 12 % more so it in December 2009Ryan air ‘s Stephen McNamara said:â€Å" Ryan air ‘s guaranteed lowest menus and no fuel surcharges and our figure one on clip public presentation, fewest lost bags and least off flights continue to pull more and more riders every twelvemonth. We are delighted that over 65 million riders travelled with Ryan air in 2009 and we are confident that even more riders will choose for our guaranteed lowest menus in 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.easier.com/64302-ryanair-reports-13-growth-in-2009.htmlLashkar-e-taibas concentrate on some points of Ryan airOBJECTIVES AND VISION Of Ryan AirCustomer servicesTo acquire the higher market portionTo be a cheapest and profitable air hoseCost decreaseGenerate more grossCheap MenusRyan air is a low menus air hose. The system of seats is like 70 % of seats are sold at the lowest two fares.30 % of seats are charged at higher menus. The last 6 % are sold at the highest menu. They provide no nutrient on board rider can purchase or can take nutrient with him self. Air line offers Dublin to London with menus runing from & A ; lb ; 18 to Euro & A ; lb ; 152Cost DecreaseRyan air have non any bureau to sold the ticket via them it sold their tickets via web site instead so to pay any committee to the agents it create the direct nexus with the client. This reduces the cost of the ticket. You can book the ticket online though Internet. This saves them 15 % on bure au committee. They use secondary airdromes to set down because its is cheaper to wing from a secondary airdrome like Stan stead instead so the Heathrow and these sort of secondary air ports are non normally busy so the air trade can be move easy The finish airdrome of Ryan air are secondary so it cut down the menu every bit good.AdsThey spend non much on advertizements. They use simple manner that tell riders that Ryan air has low menus. The aircrafts are decorated with advertizers e.g. News of the World, Jaguar and Kilkenny. There is no cheque in for the air hose on airdromes. You merely demo your passport and give your mention figure.EmployeesThey recruited the pilots when they are immature as pilot plebes. Cabin crew wage when they want their uniforms to be cleaned. They invest in their ain preparation.Excess menus on boardYou can non hold a preferable place. The regulation is foremost come, foremost served. There are no air bridges or tunnel which connects your manner to aircraf t you have to walk or are use coach to the aircraft. Your Baggage is sent straight to the terminus it ‘s speedy. However if your bag is lost or broken into do n't anticipate high degrees of client service.Increasing grossReducing the cost was the chief scheme for Ryan air. To bring forth the gross was the basic focal point sky coach aircraft has the installation of gift store, nutrient store selling all sort of nutrients and gifts like aromas tickers vesture and toilet articless The outside of the aircraft and cabin is full of advertizements like on operating expense bins, rugs, tray tabular arraies. Low cost menus and sky coach advertizementSky BusThe company was established in 2003 and is based in Columbus. On April 5, 2008, Sky coach Airlines it is known as the extremist low cost air hoses after the Ryan air. The planning of Sky coach was to offer cheapest menus in USA which will be 25 % cheaper so south west. The aircraft is designed with the advertizement on it all around on the inside. The air hose offers $ 10 on every flight on this point the CEO of Sky coach said that the flight will offer 10 seats at least $ 10 on every flight Sky coach applied for operating blessing on January 1, 2005, received blessing to run on March 15, 2006, and FAA enfranchisement on May 10, 2007. It had been granted a release to get down ticket gross revenues on April 24, 2007, Sky coach ‘ first rider flights out of Columbus began on May 22, 2007. Less than a twelvemont h subsequently, Sky coach announced on April 4, 2008, that it would discontinue operations as of April 5, mentioning the lagging economic system and lifting fuel costs as causes. Not cited: operational issues doing the air hose to run late flights about 50 % of its short history, low employee morale and rapid enlargement non envisioned in the original concern programMenusThe get downing menus of the all mark finishs began at $ 10 one manner. Airline advertise Al around that 10 seats merely for $ 10. the tickets of the sky coach air hose was the on the half monetary value so the other air hoses. In a 10 dollar one manner ticket the revenue enhancements and other airdrome fees in non included. If we include all of the revenue enhancements and other airdrome fees so a grownup ticket have a cost about $ 40 on manner. So it was the really inexpensive menu to go aroundExcess feesSky bus charge excess fees for any other excess installation other so the ticket this thing is about common in the other cheaper air hoses. A rider can take merely one bag and one personal point in board if he want to transport any excess luggage so he have to pay like if rider want to transport two bags under 50 lbs so he have to pay $ 12 at the counter on the airdrome. If the rider want to transport more extra luggage after two bags so he have to pay $ 50 for each bag. About the over weighting if the weight is over 50 lbs so he have to pay $ 25 but if the weight of the bag exceed 70 lbs so that bag was non acceptableCost decreaseSky coach scheme was to cut down the cost of care so for this the equipments purchased was unvarying which include the engine, electrical parts, and the forces gear. The other scheme of the air hose was to utilize secondary airdromes which are largely non to occupy so it is easy to turn the aircraft and less to rent infinite there is non any tunnel connecting to the aircraft so it cut down the cost on the airdrome the tickets are to be bought online instead so thro ugh any agent it cut down the coursers like committee.Employee rewardsSky coach wage the rewards to the employee with this scheme the attenders were paid $ 9 per flight hr. This pay to the attender was the lower rewards if we compare it with the viing air hoses. Flight attenders besides received 10 % of all gross revenues made during the flight. Sky coach paid the rewards the pilot besides low so the others $ 65000 was paid to the captain yearly and for first officers it was $ 30000. sky coach pilots work 8-10 hours and can work maximal 16 hours.Increasing grossReducing the cost was the chief scheme for sky coach. To bring forth the gross was the basic focal point sky coach aircraft has the installation of gift store, nutrient store selling all sort of nutrients and gifts like aromas tickers vesture and toilet articless The outside of the aircraft and cabin is full of advertizements like on operating expense bins, rugs, tray tabular arraies. Low cost menus and sky coach advertizement.AdThe plane was to the full covered with the name of the air hose and a butterfly logo on the tail of the aircraft. The same advertizements were non for all air trade. The plane of sky coach was branded aeroplane so branded planes featured with the full organic structure advertizements along the fuselage with the tail of the plane and engine of the plane with the sky coach colour strategy.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsLess cabin crew – no demand of more so plenty cabin crew as there is even no nutrient helping.Increase air trade sittingCost difference from others which is much elf for net incomesFailingThe company has no past backgroundsPoor client coveringFew finishsLimited resourcesSky coach hubs do non supply connexion chances for ridersOpportunitiesPeoples use to go all around so market is largeTax vacations on aircr aft leasingBog advantage from less exposure to political hazardsMenacesRivals in marketWorld crisisChange in oil monetary valuesIndustry analysisBusiness schemeThe concern scheme of sky coach was really similar to Ryan air and sou'-west air hoses if we go through the complete aims and the schemes adopt by these two cheapest air hoses so we have come to cognize that sky coach was based on these two air hoses.The concern scheme the air hoses wasIt focus on low costOnline finingSky coach covered merely 17 finishReduced the costingAd on the planeRequire immature pilotsIncrease the aircraft infiniteExcess menus on excess installationsPESTEL ANALYSISPoliticalGovernment mark is to pull the foreign investing in the stateBlessing of declaration of independencyAfter acquiring the aircraft enfranchisement ( FAA ) granted for ticket gross revenuesEconomicOil monetary values acquiring higher so mite be there will taxation of air goingAir pollution due to aircraft ]Modern turbo fan lessening fuel ingestionBuying power of client is acquiring higherSocialAddition in growing rate and involvement in touristryNo frill airlines comingPeoples going more because of the low costsTechnologicalAircraft industries constructing new air trades with more seatsEngines are created which making less pollution and noiseE – ticketingPorter ANALYSISDickering Power of Suppliers:Now a yearss providers of the aircraft are on the extremum it means they are all holding good market portion because of the high monetary values of the air trade on the other manus the monetary value of oil is altering twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours the providers of oil have a great Impact on the market to supply the oil to the air hosesDickering Power of Customers:Peoples are really witting about the monetary value and besides want the high services for low monetary values the outlook of the clients towards the air hose are acquiring more sing to wellness and safety they appreciate the flights in clip now a yearss the recognition card system have increase the purchasing power of the clients can besides make shopping from cyberspace every bit good as they can be after their vacations and purchase the ticketsMenaceThere are allots of air hoses giving the same services at that place no non much large difference in the monetary value many air hoses besides offers low monetary values due to high competition in the market and there are other replacements of going like trains and coachs so it is besides a menace some clip airdromes are much busy Ns take clip a batch so other replacements take less clip in theses all thingSelling PlanThe scheme of the air hose is to bring forth the gross there is gift store in the air trade for the rider to shop the gifts like aromas, tickers, pocketbooks etc and besides nutrient store which non even the particular nutrient of all types ‘ even particular nutrient for diabetes patient. For the advertizement they have advertise on the inside and outside of the air trade this air hose was known as merely bird fly cheaper because it was merely for $ 10Ryan AirSWOT ANALYSISStrengthRyan air developed a place in the market in 14 old agesIt acquire the benefit of low air port charges by cut downing cost94 % of engagement of ticket done from cyberspacePoint to indicate flight salvage the clip and moneyUse of aircraft for long clip to do more moneyFailingPoor client serviceLimited finishsIncrease in valuesLow Employee lessonOpportunitiesMany more other finish will be unfastened in European sectorOther sectors from European sector will be unfastenedNo frills air hoses can increase the market portionMenacesOil monetary value fluctuationMany planes fly in the air every twenty-four hours so air trafficConscious client about monetary valuesPlague AnalysisPoliticalUS is a politically stable stateIn first the states save there national air hoses but after the bilateral understanding between Ireland and UK. Ryan air can wing to different statesEco nomicFuel and Energy costs are cause of uncertainness.Economic resection is all overSocialTourism tendency is spread outing in every stateLow cost ticket pull the individuals more towards touristry.Tourism has expanded the market in the unexpected statesTechnologicalInternet installation to look into in.Ryan air uses same type of aircraft -Boeing 737s. This reduces operating costs to a higher extent.Industry AnalysisBusiness schemeThe company offers the low menu tickets and point to indicate flights between Ireland and UK. The menu of air hose was extract to the demand of the riders 70 % of seats in a flight are sold at less menus for the path Ryan Air flight Dublin to London was really inexpensive with menus runing ˆ19.00 to ˆ169The characteristics of Low Cost Carrier:Ticket monetary values should be every bit low as possible in Europe.Use of secondary and smaller airdromes100 % E-distribution of ticketsTo increase the capacity of aeroplanesMaximal use of aircrafts due to f ast turnaround times.Extra charges for extra serviceFuel HedgingCost-cutting stepsTo do a chief base location in London – United kingdom.Analysis of the Low – Cost AirlineDickering Power of Suppliers:There are merely two chief providers of planes Boeing and airbus and different provider in the market have different standards so if the air hose wants to exchange the provider from one to other so its hard for the company because air hose has to retrain the pilots and mechanics. in fuel cost is straight connect to the oil monetary value so Ryan air controlled it with the aid of fudgingDickering Power of CustomersNormally client are really sensitive in the instance of monetary value they expect and demand more from the air hoses there are many air hoses in the market who offer besides inexpensive tickets so we have to care of this menu dickering client can easy exchange to the most inexpensive line through cyberspaceMenacethere are other many option of going like autos, tr ains, ferries, etc so this is besides a menace because some clip airdromes are busy on cheque in due to several flight at same clip. The monetary value of oil does non acquire stable any clip.Selling programRyan Air will go on the same services and schemes of low monetary value to pull the client and bring forth the more income. The company is seeking to increase the seats in the aircraft to transport more riders from topographic point to put this thing will increase the fiscal growing of the company ryna air is a low cost service every bit good as a low quality service but company is still seeking to do it up in different manner company is traveling to present the fleet of Boeing 737-800 really shortly. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ryanair.com hypertext transfer protocol: //solvay.ulb.ac.be/cours/alle/BuspPresRyanair04.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ryanair.com/en/about hypertext transfer protocol: //www.planespotters.net/Airline/Skybus-Airlines hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/about_5499571_history-skybus-airlines.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airfleets.net/flottecie/Skybus-history-a319.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ryanair.com/ie/news/ryanair-calls-for-yes-to-europe-vote-on-2nd-october hypertext transfer protocol: //ritamcgrath.com/ee/images/uploads/Ryanair_Report.pdf

E-Ticket

INDEX 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2. FEASIBILITY STUDY a) ABSTRACT b) PROBLEM STATEMENT c) FORMULATION OF SOLUTION STRATEGIES and d) ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS 3. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS a) HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS b) SRS DOCUMENT i. SOFTWARE MODEL ii. ARCHITECTURAL PATTERN iii. DESIGN PATTERN iv. SCOPE AND PROCESS v. OUTLINE OF ANALYZED PROCESSES 4. SYSTEM DESIGN a) PROJECT SYNOPSIS b) ER-DIAGRAMS c) UML DIAGRAMS i. USECASE DIAGRAMS ii. CLASS DIAGRAMS iii. SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS d) DATABASE DESIGN 5. MAINTENANCE 6. CONCLUSION 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT ? Name of the Project: e-Ticketing Vision: The Ultimate motto of the project addresses all the problems that were faced by the current traveling agencies. Coming to the feasibility aspect the current project focuses on 1) Economical Feasibility 2) Technical Feasibility 3) Operational Feasibility ? Deliverables/ Functional Specification:- 1. Current Administrators 2. Current Agents 3. Customers 4. Details of the services. 5. Timings, Sourc e, Destination details. Note: The application should be secured with different levels of access control. INITIAL INVESTIGATION Project Request and Problem initializationThe first step in System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the identification of need. The user request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation. The objective is to determine whether the request is valid and feasible. The outcome of the initial investigation is the presentation of results called project proposal. An acceptance signature on the project proposal by the authorized person and its acceptance by the MIS department makes it a formal agreement to proceed with the detailed analysis and design of the candidate system. PROBLEM DEFINITION:This project is basically about the â€Å"e-Ticketing† for â€Å"xxxxxxxxxx†. The existing procedure of â€Å"e-Ticketing† was done locally respective to the travelling agency, looking up and checking the various details of di fferent services in different places was a tedious and cumbersome process. It was even error prone and definitely not a pleasant task to perform. There are many problems involved in the existing system and has the following limitations- †¢ Time consuming (All process was done involving manually). †¢ Lack of integration. †¢ Difficulty in data processing (Since for each time the customer has to manually involve). Changing the decision at the last moment is a tedious task. †¢ Difficulty in viewing the service details. These were the chief reasons for the development of the project. To alleviate the above lacuna and thus achieving better information retrieval, the organization has decided to introduce the use of â€Å"e-Ticketing† FORMULATION OF SOLUTION STRATEGIES AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS Organizations today can be benefit from the availability of these alternatives and evaluate how they can best benefit from them in the short to long term. Full tr easury centralization is today more accessible than ever.The traditional centralizing structures are still the preferred options, but payment factories are becoming more critical as the integration layer between treasury and the rest of the organization. Furthermore, strategic outsourcing is lowering the investment and project risk barriers and can significantly reduce the execution time of a centralization initiative if not even leap-frog some of the intermediate phases. While organizational centralization is a concept that is well understood, its practical application faces many challenges that often lead to a slow progression towards fully centralized management models.Transition can take different forms and can proceed at different speeds depending on the corporate organization. Individual business as well as form-wide initiatives, driven by cost efficiency, process integration or performance visibility, generate new centralization-fostering opportunities The use of reference to centralization terminology requires some qualifications: †¢ Strategic coordination – the less intrusive form, relying on policies, procedures and guidelines centrally issued. Compliance control – based on a formal and strict compliance and reporting framework, which could extend to central approval for certain activities †¢ Mandated execution – involving the transfer of some value-adding activities to a central entity †¢ Functional consolidation – migration and reorganization of entire activities into a new infrastructure Over the past decade functional centralization has experienced a strong acceleration thanks to rapid developments in application technology and communication protocols.By breaking down some of the barriers to effective exchange, access and circulation of data and information, the functional distribution of tasks and activities can be designed in a more flexible manner. Business applications can be deployed as single globa l installations and accessed remotely and securely. They can interface more easily with other systems and integrate a number of independent or standalone processes. The combination of these features takes centralization to a new level of sophistication and at the same time makes it more accessible and appropriate to a broader number of organizations.While organizational centralization is a concept that is well understood, its practical application faces many challenges that often lead to a slow progression towards fully centralized management models. Transition can take different forms and can proceed at different speeds, depending on the corporate organization. â€Å"Centralization† is commonly associated with a number of strong benefits that range from pure cost savings to control improvement, full compliance with corporate policies, process standardization, increased productivity and expertise consolidation. Hardware and software Requirements User interface requirements: D reamweaver MX.IDE : Eclipse Database requirements : Oracle8. 1 Server : Tomcat 5. 0 Preferred Technologies : JavaScript, Java ( Jdbc 2. 0,Servlets2. 1, JSP 1. 2 ,Struts) SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MODEL In this project we are using the â€Å"Evolutionary Model† which is also referred to as the successive versions model and sometimes as the Incremental model. Comparison of different life cycle models Although classical waterfall model is the basic model for all the other life cycle models but it cannot be used in practical development projects, since these models supports no mechanism to handle the errors during the phases.This problem is overcome in iterative waterfall model but it is not suitable for very large projects and for projects that are subject to many risks. This model assumes that the requirements be completely specified before the next of the development activity can start, it cannot be satisfactorily used in projects where only rough requirements are available at the beginning of the project. This model creates blocking states in the system i. e. , some team members would have to wait for a phase to be complete before they can start their next activity. This is clearly wastage of resources and such wastages are rarely tolerated in real projects.In this life cycle model, the software is first broken down into several models (or) functional units, which can be incrementally constructed and delivered. The development team first develops the core modules of the system. This initial product skeleton is refined into increasing levels of capability by adding new functionalities in successive versions. Each evolutionary version may be developed using an iterative waterfall model of development. Each successive version of the product is fully functioning software capable of performing more useful work than the previous versions.In this model, the user gets a chance to experiment with partially developed software much before the complete version o f the system is released. Therefore, the evolutionary model helps to accurately elicit user requirements during the delivery of the different versions of the software, and the change requests therefore after delivery of the complete software are minimized. Also the core modules get tested thoroughly, thereby reducing chances of errors in the core modules of the final product. Further, this model obviates the need to commit large resources in one go for development of the system.The main disadvantage of the successive versions model is that for most practical problems it is difficult to divide the problem into several functional units, which can be incrementally implemented and delivered. Therefore, the evolutionary model is normally useful for only very large products, where it is easier to find modules for incremental implementation. Often the evolutionary model is especially when the customer prefers to receive the product in increments to be able to start using the different feat ures as and when they are developed rather than waiting for the full product to be developed and delivered.Evolutionary model is very popular for the object-oriented software development projects, because the system can easily be partitioned into stand-alone units in terms of the objects. ARCHITECTURAL PATTERN Model-View-Controller The Model Layer The model layer in a Java based web application can be implemented using any Java-based technology, such as EJB, Hibernate, or JDO. In our CoreBanking System. The model is represented as simple JavaBeans containing the data and business logic in a simple data access object. As far as possible, the model objects should be developed so that they have no knowledge of the environment.This allows us to more easily reuse them across environments and applications. The View Layer The view layer of most Java based web applications is made up of JavaServer pages. To facilitate the development of the view, Java provides a set of JSP tag libraries. Th ese tag libraries allow us to easily provide fully internationalised user interfaces that interact with the model components of a web application. The vast majority of dynamic Web front ends are based on HTML forms, and users of such applications have come to expect from these applications certain behaviours, such as form validation.With standard JSP, this is a tedious process that involves recording the contents of the form and populating every form element with information from a JavaBean in case of error. Java facilitates this sort of form processing and validation using Custom tags. These, in combination with the JSP tag libraries, make View development with forms really simple and natural. The Controller Layer Java includes a Servlet that implements the primary functions of the Controller, which is to map the incoming URL to a model object. The Servlet provides the following functions: 1.Decide what action is required to service a users request 2. Provide view data to the view 3. Decide which view to show next A Java developer must provide these actions (models) to implement the logic of their application. What is Model-View-Controller? . Let’s start by looking at how the Model, the View, and the Controller interact with one another: [pic] Figure 1: Model 2/MVC architecture As you can see from the above diagram, the user interacts with the Controller components (usually represented by Servlets) by submitting requests to them.In turn, the Controller components instantiate Model components (usually represented by JavaBeans or other similar technology), and manipulate them according to the logic of the application. Once the Model is constructed, the Controller decides which View (usually represented by JavaServer Pages) to show to the user next, and this View interacts with the Model to show the relevant data to the user. Using Java Server Pages or Servlets alone is known as Model 1. Model 2 was not particularly innovative or new; it uses Servlets to resemble Controller and Java ServerPages for resembling views.Many people realised that it follows the well-known MVC pattern that was developed back in the days of Smalltalk. As such, Java programmers tend to use the terms Model 2 and MVC interchangeably. DESIGN PATTERN Data Access Object Context Access to data varies depending on the source of the data. Access to persistent storage, such as to a database, varies greatly depending on the type of storage (relational databases, object-oriented databases, flat files, and so forth) and the vendor implementation Problem Applications can use the JDBC API to access data residing in a relational database management system (RDBMS).The JDBC API enables standard access and manipulation of data in persistent storage, such as a relational database. The JDBC API enables J2EE applications to use SQL statements, which are the standard means for accessing RDBMS tables. However, even within an RDBMS environment, the actual syntax and format of the S QL statements may vary depending on the particular database product. There is even greater variation with different types of persistent storage. Access mechanisms, supported APIs, and features vary between different types of persistent stores such as RDBMS, object-oriented databases, flat files, and so forth.Such disparate data sources offer challenges to the application and can potentially create a direct dependency between application code and data access code. When business components-entity beans, session beans, and even presentation components like servlets and helper objects for Java Server Pages (JSP) pages –need to access a data source, they can use the appropriate API to achieve connectivity and manipulate the data source. But including the connectivity and data access code within these components introduces a tight coupling between the components and the data source implementation.Such code dependencies in components make it difficult and tedious to migrate the appl ication from one type of data source to another. When the data source changes, the components need to be changed to handle the new type of data source. Forces Portability of the components is directly affected when specific access mechanisms and APIs are included in the components. Components need to be transparent to the actual persistent store or data source implementation to provide easy migration to different vendor products, different storage types, and different data source types. SolutionUse a Data Access Object (DAO) to abstract and encapsulate all access to the data source. The DAO manages the connection with the data source to obtain and store data. The DAO implements the access mechanism required to work with the data source. The data source could be a persistent store like an RDBMS, an external service like a B2B exchange, a repository like an LDAP database, or a business service accessed via CORBA Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) or low-level sockets. The business com ponent that relies on the DAO uses the simpler interface exposed by the DAO for its clients.The DAO completely hides the data source implementation details from its clients. Because the interface exposed by the DAO to clients does not change when the underlying data source implementation changes, this pattern allows the DAO to adapt to different storage schemes without affecting its clients or business components. Essentially, the DAO acts as an adapter between the component and the data source. Participants and Responsibilities Business Object The Business Object represents the data client. It is the object that requires access to the data source to obtain and store data.A Business Object may be implemented as a session bean, entity bean, or some other Java object, in addition to a servlet or helper bean that accesses the data source. Data Access Object The DataAccessObject is the primary object of this pattern. The DataAccessObject abstracts the underlying data access implementati on for the Business Object to enable transparent access to the data source. The Business Object also delegates data load and store operations to the DataAccessObject. Transfer Object This represents a Transfer Object used as a data carrier. The DataAccessObject may use a Transfer Object to return data to the client.The DataAccessObject may also receive the data from the client in a Transfer Object to update the data in the data source. Consequences: †¢ Enables Transparency Business objects can use the data source without knowing the specific details of the data source's implementation. Access is transparent because the implementation details are hidden inside the DAO. †¢ Enables Easier Migration A layer of DAOs makes it easier for an application to migrate to a different database implementation. The business objects have no knowledge of the underlying data implementation. Thus, the migration involves changes only to the DAO layer.Further, if employing a factory strategy, i t is possible to provide a concrete factory implementation for each underlying storage implementation. In this case, migrating to a different storage implementation means providing a new factory implementation to the application. †¢ Reduces Code Complexity in Business Objects Because the DAOs manage all the data access complexities, it simplifies the code in the business objects and other data clients that use the DAOs. All implementation-related code (such as SQL statements) is contained in the DAO and not in the business object.This improves code readability and development productivity. Centralizes All Data Access into a Separate Layer Because all data access operations are now delegated to the DAOs, the separate data access layer can be viewed as the layer that can isolate the rest of the application from the data access implementation. This centralization makes the application easier to maintain and manage. Scope of the Development Project Database Tier: The concentration is applied by adopting the Oracle 8. 1 Enterprise versions. SQL is taken as the standard query language.The overall business rules are designed by using the power of PL/SQL components like stored procedures stored functions and database triggers. User Tier: The use interface is developed is a browser specific environment to have centralized architecture. The components are designed using Dreamweaver and Java server pages power the dynamic of the page design. Data Base Connectivity Tier The communication architecture is designed by concentrated on the standards of servlets and Java Beans. The database connectivity is established using the Java Database connectivity. PurposeThe generated application is the first version upon the system. The overall system is planned to be in the formal of distributed architecture with homogeneous database platform. The major objective of the overall system is to keep the following components intact. ( System consistency ( System integrity ( Overall se curity of data ( Data reliability and Accuracy ( User friendly name both at administration and user levels ( Considering the fact of generality and clarity ( To cross check that the system overcomes the hurdles of the version specific standards OUTLINE OF ANALYZED PROCESSES ACTOR: ADMIN Process:1 Registration of new Administrator Input: Enter all the admin details like first name, last name, date of birth etc. Process: registration (form) Output: registration success/ registration fail ? Process:2 View Pending Agents Input: All the Pending Agents Process: view Pending Agents (form) Output: Accept/Reject Process:3 View Permanent Agents Input: All the Permanent Agents Process: view all the permanent Agent Details Output: success/fail ? Process :4 Add a new Bus Input: Enter Number, Type, Source, and Destination†¦ Process: Add the details in the database Output: success/fail Process :5 Add a new Bus Type Input: BusType, Id†¦ Process: Insertion of new Type (Id. ) Output: succes s/fail ? Process :6 Add Offer Input: OfferName, Applicable for, time. Process: adding Offer (form) Output: success/fail ? Process :7 Add New Trip Details Input: Enter all the trip details like Tripid, Locationid, etc. Process: New Trip (form) Output: success / fail ? Process:8 Change Halts Input: Enter existing source, destination details of the Location Process: change Halts (form) Output: success/fail ? Process:9 Send Messages To Notice Board Input: Enter Description of the Topic, Applicable to†¦Process: sendMessages(adform) Output: success ? Process:10 Send Mails Input: Agents Id, Customer Id Process: send mails (form) Output: success ? Process:11 Create new group Input: Enter grid and name of the group Process: insertGroupDetails (GroupDetailsForm gdf) Output: success ? Process:12 View all the Buses Input: View All Process: get all the details from Database Table Output: success/fail ? Process:13 View Offers Input: View Offers, Time they will be elapsed. Process: view Offer s (table) Output: success ? Process:14 view Permanent Agents Input: view all the existing Permanent AgentsProcess: all the permanent Agents (table) Output: success ? Process:15 view messages Input: view All the messages that r sent by Agents, Customers Process: view Messages (table) Output: success ? Process:16 view Buses Input: view all the existing Buses Process: view Buses(table) Output: success ? Process:17 View TripDetails Input: view All the TripDetails Process: Get all the trip details like(Trip Id,Timings.. ) Output: success ? Process:18 view BusTypes Input: view all the existing BusTypes Process: View BusTypes(table) Output: success ACTOR: AGENT ? Process:1 RegistrationInput: Enter all the Agentdetails like first name, last name, date of birth etc. Process: registration (form) Output: registration success/ registration fail ? Process:2 View Pending Agents Input: All the Pending Agents Process: view Pending Agents (form) Output: Accept/Reject ? Process:3 View Permanent Agent s Input: All the Permanent Agents Process: view all the permanent AgentDetails Output: success/fail ? Process :4 Add a new Bus Input: Enter Number, Type, Source, and Destination. Process: Add the details in the database Output: success/fail ? Process :5 Add a new BusType Input: BusType, Id,Process: Insertion of new Type (Id. ) Output: success/fail ? Process :6 AddOffer Input: OfferName, Applicable for,time.. Process: adding Offer (form) Output: success/fail ? Process :7 Add New TripDetails Input: Enter all the tripdetails like Tripid, Locationid, etc. Process: NewTrip(form) Output: success / fail ? Process:8 Change Halts Input: Enter existing source, destination details of the Location Process: change Halts (form) Output: success/fail ? Process:9 Send Messages To NoticeBoard Input: Enter Description of the Topic,Applicable to†¦ Process: sendMessages(adform) Output: success Process:10 SendMails Input: AgentsId, CustomerId Process: send mails(form) Output: success ? Process:11 Cr eat new group Input: Enter gid and name of the group Process: insertGroupDetails (GroupDetailsForm gdf) Output: success ? Process:12 View all the Buses Input: View All Process: get all the details from Database Table Output: success/fail ACTOR: CUSTOMER ? Process:1 Registration of new Administrator Input: Enter all the admindetails like first name, last name, date of birth etc. Process: registration (form) Output: registration success/ registration fail ? Process:2 View Pending AgentsInput: All the Pending Agents Process: view Pending Agents(form) Output: Accept/Reject ? Process:3 View Permanent Agents Input: All the Permanent Agents Process: view all the permanent Agent Details Output: success/fail ? Process :4 Add a new Bus Input: Enter Number, Type, Source, and Destination. Process: Add the details in the database Output: success/fail ? Process :5 Add a new Bus Type Input: BusType, Id, Process: Insertion of new Type (Id. ) Output: success/fail ? Process :6 AddOffer Input: OfferNa me, Applicable for, time. Process: adding Offer (form) Output: success/fail Process :7 Add New TripDetails Input: Enter all the trip details like Tripid, Locationid, etc. Process: New Trip (form) Output: success / fail Project Synopsis Technical Descriptions ? Database: The total number of databases that were identified to build the system is 14. The major parts of the databases are categorized as administration components and customer of based components. The administration components are useful is managing the actual master data that may be necessary to maintain the consistency of the system. These databases purely used for the internal organizational needs and necessities.The Administrator, Agent and Customer components are designed to handle to transactional states that arise upon the system whereas customer makes a visit onto the portal for making his transactions faster. The Customer components are scheduled accept parametrical information from the users as per the system nece ssity. ? GUI: In the flexibility of the users the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browsers interface. The GUI’S at the top level have been categorized as ? Administration users interface ? Agents interface ? Customer users interfaceThe Administration users interface concentrate on the consistent in that is practically part of organizational actuaries and which needs proper authentication for data collation. The Administrator and Agent user interface helps the respective actors in transacting with the actual information as per their necessities with specific to the required services. The GUI’s restrict the ordinary users from mismanipulating the systems data, which can make the existing system non-operational. The information with specific to their personal standards and strategies can be changed through proper privileges. Modules: ) Administrator Module: This module maintains the services related to system administrator who is authenticated upon the system. This module fairly maintains the integration between the modules related to backend database and the functionalities carried out in the whole organization. This module also binds itself with the agent and customer details. 2) Agent Module: This module maintains the information related to the customers who have been signed upon to the system as well as the internal information of the organization. The module integrates itself with the other modules like the Administrator module and customer module that are provided y the organization. This module acts as a major integrator with Admin transactions and the requests for approvals that are raised by the customer. 3) Customer Module: This module manages and keeps track of the details of the existing services. It has interaction to Agent as well as administrator to keep track of the consistency of information form time to time as they are executed. 1. Actor: Admin The Admin module consists of the followin g services: ? Register another administrator. ? View pending agents and Accept or Reject them ? View permanent agents ? Add a new Bus. ? Add New Bus Type ? Add Offer Add New Trip Details ? Change Halts ? Send Messages to notice Board ? Send Mails ? View All the Busses ? View All Administrators ? View Offers ? View Permanent Agents ? View Messages ? View Busses ? View Trip details ? View Bus Types Register another administrator: In this process, Admin submits the details of another administrator with whom he want to share his responsibilities. The person whom admin appoints as an administrator will have the privilege to do all the responsibilities that are performed by actual Admin only if he is properly authenticated after login. †¢ View pending agents and Accept or Reject them::In this process, he can view the pending agents, he may accept the agents or reject. The agents who r accepted will be treated as Permanent agents. Those who are rejected, their details will not be upda ted in the database. †¢ ViewPermanentAgents: In this process he can view all the permanent agents along with their complete details. And the details of new Agents which he made from pending to permanent agents. †¢ Add New Bus : In this process, if the existing services are not able to meet the requirements of customers, he may add new types to meet the requirements of customer. Add New Bus Type: In this process, if the existing services are not able to meet the requirements of customers, he may add new types to meet the requirements of customer. †¢ Add Offer: In this process, a strategy of new offers will be declared by admin to attract customers, and increase his business and thereby withstanding in the competition. †¢ Add New Trip Details: In this process, new trip details will be declared by admin as per the agent & customer requirements. By modifying the trip details according to customer and agent requirements they may feel convenient. †¢ Change Halts:I n this process, admin can change the halts of his buses according to the Requirement of customers and also the agents keeping in view of appropriate halts and timings. †¢ Send Messages to notice Board: In this process, admin can display the messages about the bus services, timings, charges, offers, trips, also the details of performance appraisal of his employees to motivate them. †¢ Send Mails: In this process, admin can send the messages about the queries that were posted by both agent and customer. A proper feedback must be there for every organization to withstand the competition and to be interactive with customers. View All Administrators: In this process Admin can view all the administrators that are appointed by him for responsibility division. and he can all the details of them completely in this module. †¢ View Offers: In this process Admin can view the offers he provided . Because he should delete the offers as and when the time of the particular offer has been elapsed. †¢ View Permanent Agents: In this process Admin can view the permanent agents that r under his guidance. By viewing this module he can have the complete idea that who are the new agents added as permanent and also their details. View Messages: In this process Admin can view all the messages that are sent by agents for enhancements and has the privilege to implement the enhancements if the requirements are really needed. Can view all the messages that are sent by agents for enhancements and has the privilege to implement the enhancements if the requirements are really needed. †¢ View Buses: In this process, admin can view the details of the services and their appropriate timings and their halts and also the type of services and all other desired details. †¢ ViewTripDetails:In this process, admin can view the details of the services and their appropriate timings and their halts and also the type of services and all other desired details. †¢ ViewBusTyp es: Instead of sending messages to each and every account with this service Admin can display the message into the notice board and is accessed by every person. †¢ Logout: Whenever the Admin wants to quit the application he needs to use this service so that the session will be invalidated so that no one can access his account thus restricting others in accessing the Admin’s account. 2. Actor: Agent Registration for new License ? Registration ? Add Offer ? View Offers ? Send Messages ? View Messages ? Book Ticket ? Block Ticket ? Add Customer ? View Customers ? Logout †¢ Request for new license: In this process, new bus station that is agent want to establish should take a license from the Central agency i. e. Head Office . In the license certificate establishment details. Location, date details will be there. Registration In this process, agent can change his password by submitting the specified fields like agent id, old password, new password, retype new password.I f he enters the correct values then his password and he will get new password. †¢ Add Offer In this process, offers will be announced by agent office to implement business strategies such that it will improve the throughput and withstand in the competitive environment. †¢ View Offers: In this process, the existing offers include and also to delete the offers if the specified offer time has been elapsed. †¢ Send Messages: In this process, the total offers include new & old will be maintaining at the agent office. If the correspondent agent office has some permanent customer it can send messages to them. View Messages: In this process, every agent maintain list of messages to which they have sent, the messages how the people (customers r interactive with both agents and Administrators. †¢ Book Ticket: In this process, agent can book the tickets as the requirement of the customer approached by verifying the availability of trips, timings, availability seats†¦. †¢ Block Ticket In this process, agent office maintains details of customers if any one wants to cancel the tickets immediately they can block the tickets by assigning to others who r ready that trip. .Add Customer:In this process, if any customer wants to register with the agent he has the privilege to add the customer and make the services available to this new Customer. †¢ View Customers: In this process, every agent office maintains data about the customers, and their complete details regarding the journey along with his journey details. And also the services he was using. †¢ Logout: Whenever the Agent wants to quit the application he needs to use this service so that the session will be invalidated so that no one can access his account thus restricting others in accessing the Agent’s account. 3. Actor: Customer ? Register ? View Offers View Messages ? Send Messages to Agent ? Send Messages to Administrator ? View Bus Services ? View Bus Trip details like t imings †¦ ? Send Request to agent for booking a ticket ? Logout †¢ Register : In this process the Customer who wants the intended services provided by the agency. He should submit the details required, and if they r valid then only he will be given with one unique ID, Password which he should submit while login phase. If he forgets the password or Id he will be provided with an option to regain its Uid And password, but he should submit some details correctly with the data which he was submitted during registration phase. View Offers: In this process, customer see offers according to that he can register to view the offers. If he is eligible for that offer i. e. time is not elapsed he may bargain that offer. †¢ View Messages: In this process, customer sees all messages that are given by Customers, Agents, and Administrators and may get the required information. †¢ Send Message to Agent: In this process, Customer Registration modifications (i. e. ticket cancellati on, buy new tickets, dates postponement) occur. If the customer has any problem-sending message to agent can solve him. †¢ Send Message to Administrators:If the agents could not solve problems of the customers, meesage are sent to the administrators to solve those problems. Such they may get the accurate information from the adminstrator or send their valuable suggestions to implement by the Organization. †¢ View Bus Services: This process helps to get overall information about bus services i. e. Bus timings, routes such that he may get the services for his desired timings And may travel accordingly. †¢ View Bus Trip details like timings †¦ This process helps to give overall information about bus services And No. f Trips, Bus timings, routes, availability at his desired timings †¢ Send Request to agent for a ticket booking: In this process customer can directly reserve the tickets in nearer agents or from far place. by submitting the source & destination det ails along with the fare details i. e. the way of amount to be paid. †¢ Logout: Whenever the Customer wants to quit the application he needs to use. This service so that the session will be invalidated so that no one can access his Account thus restricting others in accessing the customer’s account. IMPLEMENTATION Program Design LanguageThe program design language is also called as structured English or pseudopodia. PDL is a generic reference for a design language PDL looks like a modern language. The difference between PDL and real programming language lies in the narrative text embedded directly within PDL statements. The characteristics required by a design language are: ? A fixed system of keywords that provide for all structured constructs date declaration and modularity characteristics. ? A free syntax of natural language that describes processing features. ? Subprogram definition and calling techniques that support various nodes of interface description.PDL syntax should include constructs for subprogram definition, interface description date declaration techniques for structuring, conditions constructs, repetition constructs and I/O constructs. PDL can be extended to include keywords for multitasking and/or concurrent processing interrupt handling, interposes synchronization the application design for which PDL is to be used should dictate the final form for the design language. Testing Objectives: The main objective of testing is to uncover a host of errors, systematically and with minimum effort and time. Stating formally, we can say, ?Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. ? A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error. ? The tests are inadequate to detect possibly present errors. ? The software more or less confirms to the quality and reliable standards. Unit Testing : ? The purpose of the coding and unit testing phase of software development is to translate the software d esign into source code. Each component of the design is implemented as a program module. The end-product of this phase is a set of program modules that have been individually tested.To enable the engineers to write good quality programs, every software development organization normally formulates its own coding standards that suits itself. A coding standard addresses issues such as the standard ways of laying out the program codes, the template for laying out the function and module headers, commenting guidelines, variable and function naming conventions, the maximum number of source lines permitted in each module, and so forth. ? During this phase, each module is unit tested to determine the correct working of all the individual modules.It involves testing each module in isolation as this is the most efficient way to debug the errors identified at this stage. Another reason behind testing a module in isolation is that the other modules, with which this module has to be interfaced, may not be ready. Integration and System Testing Integration of different modules is undertaken once they have been coded and uni tested. During the integration and syste3m testing phase, the modules are integrated in a planned manner. The different modules making up a software product are almost never integrated in one shot.Integration is normally carried out incrementally over a number of steps. During each integration step, the partially integrated system is tested and a set of previously planned modules are added to it. Finally, when all the modules have been successfully integrated and tested, system testing is carried out. The goal of system testing is to ensure that the developed system conforms to its requirements laid out in the SRS document. Our project is integrated and tested by using an activity by name (- testing. (- testing is the system testing performed by the development team. MAINTENANCEMaintenance is any work done to change the system after it is in operational. The term maintenance is used to describe activities that occur following the delivery of the product to the customer. The maintenance phase of the software life cycle is the time period in which a software product performs useful work. Maintenance activities involve making enhancements to products, adapting products to new environments, correcting problems. In this be retrieve the data from the database design by searching the database. So, for maintaining data our project has a backup facility so that here is an additional copy of data, which needs to be maintained. More over our project would update the annual data on to a CD, which could be used for later reference. CONCLUSION ? WORK DONE: The â€Å"e-Ticketing† was successfully designed and is tested for accuracy and quality. During this project we have accomplished all the objectives and this project meets the needs of the organization . The developed will be used in searching, retrieving and generating information for t he concerned requests. ? GOALS ? Reduced entry work. ? Easy retrieval of information ? Reduced errors due to human intervention ? User friendly screens to enter the data Portable and flexible for further enhancement ? Web enabled. ? Fast finding of information requested BIBLIOGRAPHY Reference Books: 1. The Complete Reference ——————–Patrik Naughton, Herbert Schildt 2. Java Servlet Programming ——————–Orielly 3. Html Black Book ——————–Steven Hozner 4. The Programming Language ——————–Ivan Bayross 5. Software Engineering ——————–James Websites: 1. http://www. java. sun. com 2. http://www. sunsoft. com 3. http://www. javasoft. com 4. http://www. apress. com 5. http://www. oracle. com 6. http://www. jspin. com